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ONS has published bespoke analysis on people who identified as Sikh using 2021 Census data. Topics include:

• Sikh identity through the religion and ethnic group questions


• housing


• health


• education


• cultural identity

ONS has also updated its Ethnicity, national identity, language and religion data and analysis webpage with a list of 2021 Census 2021 data, tools and analysis of people who identified as Sikh using the religion question (this covers 99.7 per cent of all people who identified as Sikh).

Other bespoke analysis publications that have been published cover:

• Somali populations


• Gypsy or Irish Traveller populations


• Roma populations

ONS has published bespoke analysis on Cornish identity using 2021 Census data. 

This article includes statistics about Cornish identity in England and Wales, covering topics such as:

• age 


• health 


• employment and occupation 


• housing and accommodation characteristics 

New historical census sources and advances in record linking technology are allowing economic historians to become big data genealogists.

In this talk hosted by the London School of Economics, James Feigenbaum shows how the ability to link individuals over time, and between databases, means that new avenues for research have opened up, thus allowing us to track intergenerational mobility, assimilation, discrimination and the returns to education.

The new Output Area Classification (OAC), produced in partnership with the Office for National Statistics by the Consumer Data Research Centre (CDRC), is available here.

CDRC provides the classification data in CSV, Shapefile and Geopackage formats. Supporting materials include pen portraits, local authority maps and summaries, and a technical document detailing the input variables and distribution statistics.

The classification is available under an Open Government Licence, allowing for free an unhindered reuse with attribution to ONS and CDRC (an Economic and Social Research Council Investment, grant reference ES/L011840/1).

Maps of the OAC Supergroups, Groups and Subgroups are available on CDRC’s Mapmaker platform here. Maps are provided using 2022 ONS Built-Up Areas and the 2023 Ordnance Survey Vector Map District geographies.

The Royal Geographical Society have published this paper by by J. Wyszomierski, P. A. Longley, A.D. Singleton, C. Gale and O. O’Brien,  in The Geographical Journal.

This paper sets out the methodology and results of a neighbourhood geodemographic classification using small area 2021 Census statistics for England and Wales. It also describes how the classification may be extended to Northern Ireland and Scotland when data for both are published. An interactive mapping website is available to view the classification and to compare it with equivalent data for 2011.